Uso de videos como material complementario en la enseñanza de la Otorrinolaringología / Otorhynolaryngology image as supplementary teaching material

Introducción y objetivo: Los videos, como material didáctico complementario, pueden reemplazar parte de las horas de docencia y ayudar en la adquisición de conocimientos en Otorrinolaringología. Para ello se pretende analizar el impacto de la visualización de 4 videos en el resultado de 6 preguntas específicas del examen teórico de la asignatura y evaluar la percepción de estos videos. Método: Estudio analítico cuasi experimental transversal realizado en 213 estudiantes de Otorrinolaringología de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid divididos en 2 grupos: grupo intervención y grupo control. Las diferencias en el rendimiento en las 6 preguntas entre ambos grupos se determinaron mediante la prueba χ2 o el test exacto de Fisher, con un valor de significación p<0.05. Además, para evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes se revisaron las opiniones registradas en los cuadernos de rotación hospitalaria. Resultados: Los videos tuvieron 883 visualizaciones al momento del análisis de los datos y la mayoría de las opiniones fueron positivas (94.87%). Se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0.01) en el resultado de los estudiantes en dos preguntas: “oído 1” (27.78% de aciertos en el grupo intervención vs. 7.50% en el grupo control) y “cuello 2” (38.89% vs. 81.80%). La mayoría de los comentarios sobre los videos (94.87%) fueron positivos. Discusión y conclusiones: no se pudo demostrar un impacto directo en los resultados académicos pero el fácil acceso a los videos y los comentarios positivos sobre estos evidenciaron su utilidad como una herramienta complementaria para la enseñanza de la asignatura. (AU)

Introduction and objective: Using videos as complementary teaching material can replace part of the teaching hours and be helpful in acquisition of knowledge in Otorhinolaryngology. To evaluate this alternative the impact of visualizations of 4 videos on performance in specific questions of the Otorhinolaryngology exam will be analyzed and students’ perception of these videos will be evaluated. Method: Quasi-experimental analytical study, conducted in 213 students of Otolaryngology of Autonomous University of Madrid divided in two groups (intervention and control). Differences between intervention and control group were analyzed using the chi-square test or the exact Fisher test (p value<0.05 statistically significant). Feedback from students on the videos was collected. Results: The total number of video visualizations was 883. Significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) on performance in question "ear 1" with 27.78% of success rate of the experimental group versus 7.50% of the control group, and in question "neck 2" with 38.89% of success rate of the experimental group compared to 81.80% of the control group. Most opinions about the videos (94.87%) were positive. Discussion and conclusions: No significant impact on performance was found, easy access to videos and positive feedback from students highlight its usefulness as a complementary teaching material to classes in Otorhinolaryngology. (AU)

The impact of COVID-19 induced emergency remote instruction on students' academic performance at an HBCU.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic early in 2020 forced universities to shut down their campuses and transition to emergency remote instruction (ERI). Students had to quickly adapt to this new mode of instruction while dealing with all other distractions caused by the pandemic. This study integrates extensive data from students' institutional records at a large Historically Black College and University (HBCU) institution with data from a students' survey about the impact of COVID-19 on learning during the Spring 2020 semester to examine the impact of the transition to ERI on students' performance and identify the main factors explaining variations in students' performance. The main findings of our analysis are: (a) students' university experience was positively correlated with performance (continuing students who spent at least one academic year at the university prior to the outbreak had better performance than freshman and new transfer students), (b) students' perceived change in performance after the transition was positively associated with actual performance (students who perceived a decline in their performance after transition to ERI had significantly worse performance than other students), and (c) students' prior online learning experiences and students' emotional experiences with the COVID-19 disease were not significantly associated with performance. These results suggest that the approaches adopted by higher education institutions to support students during times of crisis should pay special attention to certain groups of students.

autopsych: An R Shiny tool for the reproducible Rasch analysis, differential item functioning, equating, and examination of group effects.

In this paper, we present autopsych, a novel online tool that allows school assessment experts, test developers, and researchers to perform routine psychometric analyses and equating of student test data and to examine the effect of student demographic and group conditions on student test performance. The app extends current open-source software by providing (1) extensive embedded result narration and summaries for written reports, (2) improved handling of partial credit data via customizable item-person Wright maps, (3) customizable item- and person-flagging systems, (4) item-response theory model constraints and controls, (5) many-facets Rasch analysis to examine item bias, (6) Rasch fixed item equating for mapping student ability across test forms, (7) tabbed spreadsheet outputs and immediate options for secondary data analysis, (8) customizable graphical color schemes, (9) extended ANOVA analysis for examining group differences, and (10) inter-rater reliability analyses for the verifying the consistency of rater scoring systems. We present the app's architecture and functionalities and test its performance with simulated and real-world small-, medium-, and large-scale assessment data. Implications and planned future developments are also discussed.

Addictive use of digital devices in young children: Associations with delay discounting, self-control and academic performance.

The use of smartphones, tablets and laptops/PCs has become ingrained in adults' and increasingly in children's lives, which has sparked a debate about the risk of addiction to digital devices. Previous research has linked specific use of digital devices (e.g. online gaming, smartphone screen time) with impulsive behavior in the context of intertemporal choice among adolescents and adults. However, not much is known about children's addictive behavior towards digital devices and its relationship to personality factors and academic performance. This study investigated the associations between addictive use of digital devices, self-reported usage duration, delay discounting, self-control and academic success in children aged 10 to 13. Addictive use of digital devices was positively related to delay discounting, but self-control confounded the relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, self-control and self-reported usage duration but not the degree of addictive use predicted the most recent grade average. These findings indicate that children's problematic behavior towards digital devices compares to other maladaptive behaviors (e.g. substance abuse, pathological gambling) in terms of impulsive choice and point towards the key role self-control seems to play in lowering a potential risk of digital addiction.

Jornada de Innovación Docente 2019-2020 'Generando un lenguaje común'. Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería de la UPV-EHU: Fundamentar los cambios. La innovación en los grados / 2019-2020 Conference on Innovation in Teaching 'Generating a common language'. Faculty of Medicine and Nursing of the University of the Basque Country: Justifying the changes. Innovations in degrees

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Una experiencia de tipo aprendizaje basado en problemas en la asignatura Farmacología Médica Aplicada del grado de Medicina / A problem-based learning (PBL) type experience in the subject of Applied Medical Pharmacology in Medical degree

INTRODUCCIÓN: Una de las competencias profesionales más importantes en el grado de Medicina es la prescripción racional de medicamentos basada en criterios científicos y éticos. En 2009-2010 implementamos una experiencia de tipo aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP) en una asignatura de 5.º curso del grado de Medicina con el fin de mejorar la adquisición de dicha competencia, y durante 10 años analizamos el rendimiento académico y la opinión del alumnado. MÉTODOS: Obtuvimos los indicadores de satisfacción por la asignatura, percepción sobre el ABP y rendimiento académico en el período 2009-2019 y los comparamos con los cursos previos (2005-2009) en la asignatura Farmacología Médica Aplicada en las unidades docentes de Basurto y Donostia (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea). RESULTADOS: Durante los cursos 2009-2019, la satisfacción global del alumnado sobre la asignatura fue más favorable que en los cursos 2005-2009 en todas las dimensiones medidas. Respecto al ABP, el alumnado percibió como positivo su diseño y su capacidad para desarrollar competencias transversales y específicas. La calificación media del alumnado en la asignatura disminuyó ligeramente, pero aumentó la tasa de evaluación. CONCLUSIÓN: Las metodologías activas de tipo ABP permitieron trabajar las competencias transversales y específicas de la asignatura. El alumnado fue consciente del desarrollo de estas competencias y lo hizo con una mejora de opinión sobre las distintas dimensiones de la asignatura y con pocos cambios en el rendimiento

INTRODUCTION: One of the most important professional competence in Medical degree is the rational prescription of drugs based on scientific and ethical criteria. In 2009-10, a Problem Based Learning type experience was implemented in a subject of the fifth year of Medical degree to increase the acquisition of the competence. In the following ten years, the academic performance and opinion of students were analysed. METHODS: We obtained satisfaction indicators for the subject of Applied Medical Pharmacology, PBL perception of the students and their academic performance in the teaching Unities of Basurto and Donostia (UPV/EHU) during the period 2009-19 and compared them with those in previous years (2005-09). RESULTS: During 2009-19, the global satisfaction of the students for the subject was more favorable for all measured dimensions With regard to the PBL experience, the students perceive its design and its capacity to develop transversal and specific competencies as positive. The average score of the students in the subject decreased slightly but the evaluation rate increased. CONCLUSIONS: PBL type active methodologies enable to work transversal and specific competencies of the subject. The student were conscious of the development of these competencies and had better opinion on different dimensions of the subject with little changes in their performance

Perspectiva de los alumnos para identificar áreas de mejora en el grado de Medicina / Students' perspective to identify areas for improvement in the Medical Degree

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evaluación del grado de Medicina en la Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) requiere una revisión constante para poder detectar áreas de mejora y conseguir llegar a la excelencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de los resultados de la encuesta realizada a los alumnos del ciclo clínico del grado de Medicina de las cuatro unidades docentes (hospitales universitarios). RESULTADOS: De un total de 945 alumnos, se recogieron 395 respuestas desde el 2 de enero de 2018 hasta el 28 de febrero de 2018, lo que supone una tasa de respuesta del 41,79%. Se obtuvieron los datos referentes a las asignaturas en sus clases teóricas y prácticas, la valoración del material utilizado y las instalaciones disponibles, el personal docente y de administración de la UPV/EHU, así como una valoración del grado. DISCUSIÓN: El estudio se basa en una encuesta de opinión, de la que se destaca la necesidad de tener en cuenta la opinión de docentes y alumnos para identificar las posibles áreas de mejora; de seleccionar a los docentes para la enseñanza clínica por su interés en serlo, no por su currículum académico; de ampliar las prácticas clínicas de cada asignatura; y de revisar las guías docentes de todas las asignaturas para no repetir de forma reiterada la misma materia en distintas asignaturas y año tras año

INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of the medical degree at the UPV-EHU requires a constant review in order to detect areas for improvement, and to achieve the excellence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive study of results from the survey carried out with students of the clinical courses from the four teaching units (university hospitals). RESULTS: From 945 students, 395 responses were collected from January the 2nd, 2018 to February 28th, 2018, that represents a response rate of 41,79%. The collected data concern to the subjects in theoretical and practical classes, evaluation of the material, the available facilities, teaching and administrative staff, as well as to a global evaluation of the degree. DISCUSSION: The study is based on an opinion survey. It highlights the relevance of taking into account the opinion of teachers and students to identify possible areas of improvement. Students suggest that selection of clinical teachers be up to professional interests better than up to their academic curricula. Claim for longer periods of clinical practice and propose to review the teaching guides in order to avoid redundant repetitions in different subjects year after year

Educational gains of in-person vs. distance learning in primary and secondary schools: A natural experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic school closures in Switzerland.

Using data from a computer-based formative feedback system, we compare learning gains in the 8 weeks of school closures related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland with learning gains in the 8 weeks before these school closures. The school performance in mathematics and language of N = 28,685 pupils is modelled in second-order piecewise latent growth models with strict measurement invariance for the two periods under investigation. While secondary school pupils remain largely unaffected by the school closures in terms of learning gains, for primary school pupils learning slows down and at the same time interindividual variance in learning gains increases. Distance learning arrangements seem an effective means to substitute for in-person learning, at least in an emergency situation, but not all pupils benefit to the same degree.

The process of attrition in pre-medical studies: A large-scale analysis across 102 schools.

The important but difficult choice of vocational trajectory often takes place in college, beginning with majoring in a subject and taking relevant coursework. Of all possible disciplines, pre-medical studies are often not a formally defined major but pursued by a substantial proportion of the college population. Understanding students' experiences with pre-med coursework is valuable and understudied, as most research on medical education focuses on the later medical school and residency. We examined the pattern and predictors of attrition at various milestones along the pre-med coursework track during college. Using a College Board dataset, we analyzed a sample of 15,442 students spanning 102 institutions who began their post-secondary education in years between 2006 and 2009. We examined whether students fulfilled the required coursework to remain eligible for medical schools at several milestones: 1) one semester of general chemistry, biology, physics, 2) two semesters of general chemistry, biology, physics, 3) one semester of organic chemistry, and 4) either the second semester of organic chemistry or one semester of biochemistry, and predictors of persistence at each milestone. Only 16.5% of students who intended to major in pre-med graduate college with the required coursework for medical schools. Attrition rates are highest initially but drop as students take more advanced courses. Predictors of persistence include academic preparedness before college (e.g., SAT scores, high school GPA) and college performance (e.g., grades in pre-med courses). Students who perform better academically both in high school and in college courses are more likely to remain eligible for medical school.

Profiles of ethnic-racial socialization from family, school, neighborhood, and the Internet: Relations to adolescent outcomes.

Given that ecological models of development highlight the interacting influences of multiple environments, further research is needed that explores ethnic-racial socialization from multiple contexts. The current study explores how families, schools, neighborhoods, and the Internet jointly impact academic outcomes, critical consciousness, and psychological well-being in adolescents, both through socialization messages and experiences with racial discrimination. The research questions were: (a) What profiles of multiple contexts of socialization exist? and (b) How are the different profiles associated with academic outcomes, critical consciousness, and psychological well-being? The sample consisted of 1,084 U.S. adolescents aged 13-17 (M = 14.99, SD = 1.37; 49% girls) from four ethnic-racial groups: 25.6% Asian American, 26.3% Black/African American, 25.3% Latinx, and 22.9% White. The participants completed online surveys of socialization and discrimination from four contexts and three types of outcomes: academic outcomes, critical consciousness, and well-being. A latent profile analysis revealed three profiles: Average, High Discrimination, and Positive School. The Positive School class had the most positive academic outcomes and well-being. The High Discrimination class reported the highest critical consciousness. Their academic outcomes and well-being were similar to the Average group. The findings support complexity in perceptions of socialization from different contexts and the associations of socialization with youth outcomes.

Associations of Alpha and Beta Interhemispheric EEG Coherences with Indices of Attentional Control and Academic Performance.

Introduction. Heretofore, research on optimizing academic performance has suffered from an inability to translate what is known about an individual's learning behaviors to how effectively they are able to use the critical nodes and hubs in their cerebral cortex for learning. A previous study from our laboratory suggests that lower theta-beta ratios (TBRs) measured by EEG may be associated with higher academic performance in a medical school curriculum. METHODS: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that TBR and academic performance may be correlated with EEG coherence, a measure of brain connectivity. We analyzed the interhemispheric coherences of the subjects involved in our prior study. TBR and coherence measurements were made at 19 scalp electrode recording sites and 171 electrode combinations with eyes open and closed (EO, EC). Control data were acquired during a session of acclimation to the research protocol 3 d before an initial examination in anatomy-physiology (control exam) and were repeated five weeks later, 3 d before a second exam covering different anatomy-physiology topics (comparison exam). RESULTS: Between the control and comparison exams, beta coherences increased significantly at the frontal pole, frontal, parietal, midtemporal, posterior temporal, and occipital recording sites under the EO condition and at the inferior frontal, central, midtemporal, and posterior temporal sites under the EC condition. Alpha coherences increased significantly at the same sites and under the same EO/EC conditions as found for the beta coherences. The beta coherences were negatively correlated with the TBR and were positively correlated with the comparison exam score at the midfrontal electrode site (F3-F4) but only under the EO condition. Beta and alpha coherences at the midfrontal, inferior frontal midtemporal, posterior temporal, and occipital sites were also negatively correlated with the average TBR under the EO condition. CONCLUSIONS: Lower TBR, an indicator of attentional control, was associated with higher alpha and beta interhemispheric coherences measured with eyes open at sites overlying the frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices. Changes in EEG coherences and TBRs might be useful as neurophysiological measures of neuroplasticity and the efficacy of strategies for preventing academic underachievement and treatments for improving academic performance.

Perceived social support as a predictor of academic success in Spanish university students / El apoyo social percibido como predictor del éxito académico en estudiantes universitarios españoles

Perceived social support is considered a key factor for reducing the risk of psychological distress, academic failure and student withdrawal from university; however, research concerning how social support may influence academic performance in undergraduate students is scarce. This study aimed to examine the relation of different provisions and sources of perceived social support with academic achievement of Spanish university students in their first and third year. The sample consisted of 219 emerging adults, 149 women and 70 men, of average age 18.01 years (SD= 0.46), enrolled on different degree courses at a public Spanish university. Data were collected during the first academic year (time 1) and again during the third academic year (time 2). Regression analysis of the data showed that different dimensions of social support predicted academic success throughout a period of two years. The study findings could be used to help university counsellors and administrators refine programmes and policies aimed at enhancing students' adjustment and academic achievement

El apoyo social percibido se considera un factor esencial para la reducción del estrés psicológico, el fracaso académico y el abandono de los estudios universitarios; sin embargo, la investigación sobre la relación del apoyo social con el rendimiento académico en la universidad es escasa. En el presente estudio se examinó la relación de diferentes recursos y fuentes de apoyo social percibido con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios españoles. La muestra estaba compuesta por 219 adultos emergentes, 149 mujeres y 70 hombres, con una edad media de 18.01 años (SD= 0.46), matriculados en distintas titulaciones de una universidad pública española. Los datos fueron recogidos durante el primer curso académico (tiempo 1) y de nuevo durante el tercer curso (tiempo 2). Mediante un análisis de regresión de los datos se encontró que diferentes dimensiones del apoyo social percibido predecían el éxito académico a lo largo de los dos años. Los hallazgos del estudio pueden ayudar a orientadores y administradores a mejorar programas y políticas destinadas a favorecer la adaptación y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes

Pathways Between a Polygenic Score for Educational Attainment and Higher Educational Attainment in an African American Sample.

We investigated the extent to which performance on standardized achievement tests, executive function (EF), and aggression in childhood and adolescence accounted for the relationship between a polygenic score for educational attainment (EA PGS) and years of education in a community sample of African Americans. Participants (N = 402; 49.9% female) were initially recruited for an elementary school-based prevention trial in a Mid-Atlantic city and followed into adulthood. In first and twelfth grade, participants completed math and reading standardized tests and teachers reported on participants' aggression and EF, specifically impulsivity and concentration problems. At age 20, participants reported on their years of education and post-secondary degrees attained and their genotype was assayed from blood or buccal swabs. An EA PGS was created using results from a large-scale GWAS on EA. A higher EA PGS was associated with higher education indirectly via adolescent achievement. No other mediating mechanisms were significant. Adolescent academic achievement is thus one mechanism through which polygenic propensity for EA influences post-secondary education among urban, African American youth.

Diagnosing the current state of out-of-field teaching in high school science and mathematics.

The U.S. government has acknowledged the critical role that teachers play in the production of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) professionals who will drive our nation's economy. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) was passed to improve the quality of education nationwide, in part, by decreasing the number of out-of-field (OOF) teachers. However, the impact of NCLB and related efforts on the current state of OOF teaching in high school science and mathematics has yet to be examined. Our analysis of data from the National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS) indicates that from 2003-2016, the proportion of OOF teachers in chemistry and physics has increased, and there has been an increase in the number of students assigned to OOF teachers across subjects. We discuss the societal impact of our results and the critical role that policymakers, school administrators, and academic institutions, particularly university faculty, can play in its solution.

White matter microstructure correlates with mathematics but not word reading performance in 13-year-old children born very preterm and full-term.

Individuals born very preterm (VPT; <32 weeks' gestational age) are at increased risk of impaired mathematics and word reading performance, as well as widespread white matter microstructural alterations compared with individuals born full term (FT; ≥37 weeks' gestational age). To date, the link between academic performance and white matter microstructure is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the associations between mathematics and reading performance with white matter microstructure in 114 VPT and 36 FT 13-year-old children. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether the association of mathematics and reading performance with white matter microstructure in VPT children varied as a function of impairment. To do this, we used diffusion tensor imaging and advanced diffusion modelling techniques (Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging and the Spherical Mean Technique), combined with a whole-brain analysis approach (Tract-Based Spatial Statistics). Mathematics performance across VPT and FT groups was positively associated with white matter microstructural measurements of fractional anisotropy and neurite density, and negatively associated with radial and mean diffusivities in widespread, bilateral regions. Furthermore, VPT children with a mathematics impairment (>1 standard deviation below FT mean) had significantly reduced neurite density compared with VPT children without an impairment. Reading performance was not significantly associated with any of the white matter microstructure parameters. Additionally, the associations between white matter microstructure and mathematics and reading performance did not differ significantly between VPT and FT groups. Our findings suggest that alterations in white matter microstructure, and more specifically lower neurite density, are associated with poorer mathematics performance in 13-year-old VPT and FT children. More research is required to understand the association between reading performance and white matter microstructure in 13-year-old children.